This article delves into the latest updates in public blockchain platforms like Ethereum, highlighting innovations in the execution, data availability, and settlement layers. Notable are projects like Monad, Sei, and MegaETH that introduce parallel EVM technologies to enhance the execution layer. Ethereum's cost-efficiency improvements via CallData updates and the progression of projects like Celestia and Avail in the DA layer are also discussed. Furthermore, new competitors in the settlement layer, such as Nebra, are emerging with promising, cost-effective solutions based on zero-knowledge proofs. The integration of Bitcoin and CKB into the DA layer and innovative DA strategies leveraging AI are also explored.