The article provides an in-depth exploration of the development history of Bitcoin technology, especially its challenges in handling large-scale applications and transaction scale. The article analyzes the limitations of Bitcoin's original technology, such as the UTXO model, non-Turing complete scripting language, and the history and reasons of Bitcoin forks. Subsequently, the article introduced in detail several key technologies in the development of Bitcoin, including OP_RETURN, Segregated Witness (Segwit), Taproot technology, as well as Schnorr signatures, MAST and Taproot Scripts. The article also discusses new Bitcoin-based protocols such as Ordinals, Inscriptions, and BRC-20, and how they promote the development of the Bitcoin ecosystem. Finally, the article looks forward to the potential applications of new technologies and their possible impact on future development.