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## [TL; DR] 
<a href="/ar/price/ethereum-eth" target="_blank" class="blog_inner_link">Ethereum</a> developers aim to launch the Surge upgrade which will lead to 100,000 TPS. 

The key components of rollup-centric roadmap include layer-2 scaling solutions, data availability sampling and data compression techniques. 

Some benefits of the <a href="/ar/price/ethereum-eth" target="_blank" class="blog_inner_link">Ethereum</a> Surge include cheaper and faster transactions. 

## Introduction 
The [Ethereum blockchain](https://www.gate.io/learn/articles/what-is-ethereum/2882 "Ethereum blockchain") hosts many decentralized applications and drives various crypto projects. Due to the constant growth in the network it often faces scalability and other performance challenges. For example, the blockchain usually experiences congestion and high gas fees. Such problems drive many investors from the network. In order to address some of these challenges [Vitalik Buterin, the Ethereum co-founder](https://www.gate.io/blog/827/who-is-ethereum-founder-vitalik "Vitalik Buterin, the Ethereum co-founder"), has announced a revolutionary improvement plan, the Surge, which may scale the network to 100,000 transactions per second (TPS.) If the network attains that target it will become a dominant force in the crypto sector. 

## Vitalik Buterin Targets  100,000 transactions per second (TPS): How to Attain it? 
In a recent [blog post, Buterin announced a roadmap for Ethereum](https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2024/10/17/futures2.html "blog post, Buterin announced a roadmap for Ethereum") to attain a target of 100,000 TPS within the next two years. The team aims to reach that goal through its layer-2 scaling solutions. However, Buterin has vowed to maintain decentralization and high security. The core aspect of the roadmap is the merging of sharding and rollups. Also, the team is working on ensuring that [layer-2 blockchains inherit Ethereum core principles](https://www.gate.io/learn/articles/top-12-layer-2-solutions-on-ethereum/3759 "layer-2 blockchains inherit Ethereum core principles") of decentralization, scalability, and security. The Ethereum upgrade aims to improve compression, enhance data availability sampling and make L2 networks truly trustless. The out rolling of the surge, the next upgrade, will likely achieve these goals. 

Read also: [TOP 10 Layer 2 Crypto Projects to Watch right now](https://www.gate.io/learn/articles/10-layer-2-crypto-projects-to-watch-in-2024/3637 "TOP 10 Layer 2 Crypto Projects to Watch right now")

## 'The Surge' as the Next Phase in Ethereum's Dencun Upgrade Series
The Surge is Ethereum’s [next upgrade aimed at improving the scalability of the network](https://www.gate.io/learn/articles/possible-futures-of-ethereum-part-2-the-surge/4471 "next upgrade aimed at improving the scalability of the network") through layer-2 solutions and rollups without sacrificing decentralization, security and interoperability. As said, one of the major aims of the surge is to attain 100,000 TPS across layer-1 and layer-2 networks. At the moment Ethereum processes 5–30 TPS on its base layer. However, this often causes congestion and a spike in gas fees during peak times. According to the rollup-centric roadmap, the Surge aims to remove such bottlenecks and further enhance the blockchain’s ability to power various global-scale applications. 

After the Surge Ethereum will likely reach its peak network performance and better serve the global community than now. One of the core elements of this network upgrade is sharding, a decentralized technology that will divide the blockchain into smaller and manageable units called shards. According to the Ethereum co-founder, the Surge will be a multi-step process that integrates breakthrough technologies like multi-party computation (MPC) and Layer 2 rollups. It is these technologies that will improve the networks’ security, scalability, and usability to meet the growing demand for its products and services. 

Read also: [Possible futures of the Ethereum protocol](https://www.gate.io/learn/articles/possible-futures-of-the-ethereum-protocol-part-3-the-scourge/4551 "Possible futures of the Ethereum protocol")

## Ethereum Surge Rollup-centric Roadmap and its Components 
As hinted above, the Surge aims to increase Ethereum scalability through layer-2 integration and other technologies such as sharding and roll-ups. It also targets data compression techniques and data availability sampling which we will focus on  under this section 

-Layer-2 Scaling Solutions: Layer-2 roll-ups will make the Ethereum blockchain cost-effective and faster than it is now. Basically, the layer-2 roll-ups bundle transactions and process them off chain before submitting the final report to the decentralized base layer. Through offloading much of the transactional data from the Ethereum blockchain and processing them off-chain the network will be able to reach the target of 100,000 TPS. Similarly, the roll-up technology divides the tasks between layer-2 networks and the main chain. Thus, the multi-chain ecosystem reduces the load from the main chain leading to more efficient and faster transactions than before.  

-Data Availability Sampling:  The Ethereum Surge also aims to solve the data availability problem. The team [will adopt Data Availability Sampling (DAS)](https://www.gate.io/learn/articles/data-availability-sampling-why-is-das-needed/1282 "will adopt Data Availability Sampling (DAS)") which will enable nodes to verify data efficiently. Specifically, DAS enables nodes to verify data without downloading everything. In a decentralized network like Ethereum all nodes must verify the available data. However, it becomes difficult if the nodes are expected to download and store every available data. This is where DAS comes in, allowing the nodes to verify the data without storing it in full. To achieve this the team will increase the number of blobs attached to a block. The developers propose to increase the number of blobs from 3 to 64, or even more. DAS will enhance the efficiency of layer-2 solutions which will increase their transaction volumes. 

-Data Compression Techniques: The data compression technique aims to reduce the size of the footprint of transactions. This can be achieved in several ways that including adopting zero-byte compression, using BLS signatures as well as replacing transaction addresses with pointers to historical data. The BLS signatures facilitate the bundling of multiple signatures into one. This saves space on the network and makes transactions faster and more efficient. 

## Ethereum Surge: Overcoming Challenges in Increasing the Gas Limit
Buterin explained one importance of the Ethereum Surge upgrade. It will increase the base layer’s scalability so it balances its performance with that  of layer-2 solutions. This will result in uniform cross-L2 standards which will lead to operational efficiency. Notably, if the layer-2 blockchains scale significantly while the layer-1 fails to cope with the level of transactions that may pose a risk to the network. The main solution to deal with the risk would be to increase the gas fees. Nonetheless, this may lead to gas limit centralization. If the gas limit is too high, for example, that will result in high costs of running nodes which may force smaller validators out of the system. In return, only a few centralized validators will handle the high load. 

To overcome this challenge Buterin suggests that the network should use a suitable approach. For example, one of the surest ways of overcoming this challenge is to improve the [Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM)](https://www.gate.io/learn/articles/what-is-evm/68 "Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM)"), the component of the blockchain where smart contracts run. The introduction of the Ethereum Object Format (EOF), a new bytecode format, will make smart contract executions efficient and fast. Also, this will help to reduce the gas cost. Another way to reduce the costs is to adopt a multidimensional gas pricing system which will reduce gas fees of other operations. For example, that may reduce the  gas fees for specific opcodes and precompiles. In addition there can be different fee levels for data, computations and storage. Thus, the multidimensional gas pricing system will help to alleviate the difference in scalability levels between the main chain and layer-2 solutions. 

## Taking Ethereum to Another Level: The Need for Blockchain Interoperability
In his blog, Buterin also talked about the need to make the Ethereum blockchain a unified system where layer-2 blockchains should communicate efficiently with each other and the decentralized base layer. At the moment, the Ethereum ecosystem is fragmented since the various layer-2 blockchains have different unique capabilities and features. This often leads to confusion and disunity among the Ethereum users. Thus, Buterin envisions a future where the L2 blockchains communicate seamlessly with each other. 

## Conclusion 
The Ethereum co-founder, Vitalik Buterin has outlined how the blockchain can attain 100,000 TPS within the next two years. According to him, roll-ups, data availability sampling and data compression will enable the main chain to scale. The developers will launch the Surge upgrade in 2025 which will increase the blockchain scalability as well as low the gas fees. 



<div class="blog-details-info">
<div>Author: Mashell C., Gate.io Researcher
<div class="info-tips">\*This article represents only the views of the researcher and does not constitute any investment suggestions.
<div>\*Gate.io reserves all rights to this article. Reposting of the article will be permitted provided Gate.io is referenced. In all cases, legal action will be taken due to copyright infringement.
</div>

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Vitalik Buterin's Vision for Ethereum: Achieving 100K Transactions Per Second with Rollups