Overview of Mango Network

Introduction

Mango Network is a Layer 1 blockchain that supports Multi-VM and aims to provide a comprehensive infrastructure to address common issues in Web3 applications and DeFi protocols, such as fragmented user experiences and liquidity challenges. Combining the advantages of OPStack technology and MoveVM facilitates cross-chain communication and multi-virtual machine interoperability, delivering an efficient, secure, and modular Web3 infrastructure for developers and users.

The Mango Network team comprises experienced Web3 professionals with strong technical backgrounds and academic credentials. The CTO, David Brouwer, is a skilled developer specializing in Move, Solidity, and Rust programming languages, with deep research expertise in Move. He contributed to the early Libra technical community and has extensive experience in AI applications using GPT, high-performance trading networks, and complex smart contract development. The CEO, Benjamin Kittie, graduated from the National University of Singapore and worked as a senior analyst at HTX before joining Mango Network.

Key Features of Mango Network (Source: Mango Network)

Goals and Vision

Mango Network is dedicated to building an accessible smart contract platform that empowers developers with diverse tools to create exceptional user experiences in the Web3 space. Its goal is to attract the next billion users by scaling horizontally to meet application demands and leveraging a Development Kit (SDK) to enable developers to build applications without limits.

A blockchain’s decentralization level can be measured by its number of operational nodes. Mango Network currently operates with just four validator nodes, suggesting limited decentralization. This small node count also raises concerns about the network’s ability to manage high traffic volumes. However, Mango Network aims to expand its node count as validator processing power grows, which will boost network capacity and maintain low gas fees during peak usage. This strategy sets it apart from other blockchains that struggle with fixed performance limitations.

Mango Network Validator Nodes (Source: Mango Network)

In addition, Mango Network’s rich on-chain assets enable the development of applications and economies focused on practical utility rather than artificial scarcity. Developers can create dynamic NFTs that evolve, combine, and cluster based on gameplay—all with their behaviors transparently recorded on-chain. This approach strengthens in-game economies, enhances NFT value, and creates compelling user engagement cycles.

Technical Features and Architecture of Mango Network

Features

To address the challenges of insufficient liquidity and complex cross-chain interactions in Web3 and blockchain ecosystems, Mango Network, as a new Layer 1 transaction-oriented omnichain infrastructure network, introduces the following technical features through innovation, aiming to build a one-stop liquidity service omnichain network.

• Omni-Chain Application Support: Mango Network eliminates fragmented user experiences and dispersed liquidity in traditional multi-chain deployments through a unified cross-chain protocol. Users only need a single gas token to operate and interact seamlessly across multiple heterogeneous blockchains. The OP-Mango protocol enables smart contract interoperability between EVM and MoveVM, ensuring data consistency and smooth interactions across chains. Omni-chain applications can record states uniformly, allowing users to access applications without perceiving the existence of the underlying blockchain, providing a user experience as smooth as using a local program.

Omni-Chain Support in Mango Network (Source: Mango Network)

• High Performance: Mango Network focuses on delivering a high-speed transaction and settlement experience. By optimizing the MoveVM and implementing Layer 2 batch processing mechanisms, it supports large-scale parallel transactions, significantly enhancing throughput. Most transactions can be completed within sub-second timeframes, achieving a processing speed of up to 297,450 TPS. This provides developers and users with a secure, modular, and high-performance Web3 infrastructure, while maintaining high standards of scalability and interoperability.

Performance in Mango Network (Source: Mango Network)

• High Security: Leveraging the secure design of the Move programming language, Mango Network offers enhanced protection for smart contracts and digital assets. Move is a statically typed language, avoiding risks associated with dynamic calls, such as reentrancy attacks, and reducing the likelihood of vulnerabilities. Resource-oriented programming defines digital assets as first-class resources, ensuring transactions occur only within explicit asset flows, preventing tampering or double-spending risks.

Additionally, Mango utilizes the Move Prover tool to mathematically verify the correctness of smart contracts, fundamentally enhancing system reliability. MoveVM employs virtual machine sandboxing to isolate contract states, preventing malicious code from further infiltrating the system.

• Modular Architecture: Mango Network’s modular blockchain architecture is one of its key innovations. It separates core blockchain functionalities into independent modules, including execution, consensus, and data availability, with each module dedicated to specific tasks and easily optimized. Developers can adjust module configurations flexibly based on the requirements of different application scenarios.

For instance, DeFi applications can optimize the execution module, while gaming scenarios can enhance the data storage module. The modular architecture allows for performance expansion by adding new modules without requiring major changes to the entire blockchain. The decoupled design reduces system interdependencies, ensuring that even if one module faces an attack, its impact is contained within that module.

Technical Components of Mango Network

Mango Network is an Omnichain Infrastructure Network based on a Multi-VM (multi-virtual machine) architecture. It is designed to address key challenges in Web3 and DeFi, such as fragmented user experiences and inefficient liquidity. Its technical framework consists of the following key components:

1. Multi-Virtual Machine Architecture (Multi-VM)

One of Mango Network’s core strengths lies in its Multi-VM architecture. This architecture allows multiple virtual machines to operate in parallel, handling different tasks while enabling interoperability through cross-virtual machine protocols.

• MoveVM: Move is a resource-oriented programming language specifically designed for handling digital assets. MoveVM executes Move contracts, managing tasks related to asset handling, complex business logic, and parallel execution. MoveVM enhances transaction throughput and execution efficiency through a dynamic scheduling mechanism.
• EVM (Ethereum Virtual Machine): As the backbone of the Ethereum ecosystem, the EVM executes Ethereum-compatible smart contracts. Mango Network leverages EVM compatibility to ensure that existing Ethereum applications can seamlessly migrate to Mango Network.
• Cross-VM Communication Protocol (OP-Mango): OP-Mango is Mango Network’s communication protocol for connecting MoveVM and EVM. It enables data sharing and contract calls between the two virtual machines, facilitating collaboration and data synchronization. Specifically, when a contract on EVM triggers an event, OP-Mango captures and transmits it to MoveVM, and vice versa, ensuring seamless interaction between the virtual machines.

Multi-Virtual Machine Architecture in Mango Network (Source: Mango Network)

1. Modular Blockchain Architecture

The modular blockchain architecture of Mango Network breaks down the core functions of the blockchain into independent and specialized modules, providing a flexible and customizable solution. Each module handles specific functions within the blockchain and can be independently optimized and expanded to suit different application scenarios and requirements. The main modules include:

• Execution Module: Handles transaction execution and the computational logic of smart contracts. This module is responsible for executing on-chain operations through MoveVM and EVM.
• Consensus Module: Ensures the blockchain’s consensus mechanism, maintaining the order of blocks and data consistency across the network. Mango Network employs a Byzantine Fault Tolerance (BFT)-based consensus mechanism to ensure efficient and secure transaction confirmations.
• Data Availability Module: Ensures the availability and integrity of on-chain data. Data availability is crucial in blockchain networks to guarantee the correctness of transactions and contract execution.
• Dispute Resolution Module: Manages potential disputes during cross-chain interactions, ensuring the accuracy and effectiveness of cross-chain communication.

Each module in Mango Network is developed independently, allowing developers to add or remove specific modules as needed to expand the system and optimize functionality based on application requirements. For instance, high-frequency trading DeFi applications can prioritize optimization of the Execution Module; Applications requiring large-scale data storage can focus on enhancing the Data Availability Module.

The modular design enables Mango Network to adapt and extend its functionalities flexibly for diverse scenarios. For example, DeFi applications may emphasize the optimization of the Execution Module, while gaming applications might focus more on optimizing the Data Availability Module.

Mango Network’s Modular Architecture (Source: Mango Network)

1. Cross-Chain Communication and Interoperability

Mango Network enables blockchain interoperability through its cross-chain communication protocol, OP-Mango. The OP-Mango protocol ensures seamless asset, contract, and data exchange across chains by capturing events between virtual machines (EVM and MoveVM), serializing the data, and transmitting it for processing. The core cross-chain communication process includes the following steps:

• Event Capture: When a smart contract on one virtual machine triggers an event (e.g., asset transfer or state change), the cross-chain sequencer captures the event.
• Data Serialization and Transmission: The captured event is serialized into a format recognizable by the target virtual machine and transmitted via the OP-Mango protocol for processing.
• Contract Invocation: Mango Network enables smart contracts on different virtual machines to call each other through cross-chain event transfer. For example, when a contract on EVM completes a transaction, MoveVM receives the event and executes a corresponding operation.

In traditional multi-chain ecosystems, assets and liquidity are often scattered across different chains, leading to challenges in sharing liquidity and increasing the complexity and cost of asset exchanges. Mango Network addresses these issues through cross-chain interoperability by developing a unified liquidity pool. This pool allows assets and liquidity from various blockchains to be shared within Mango Network, enabling decentralized finance (DeFi) protocols to seamlessly exchange assets across chains and preventing the formation of liquidity silos.

Additionally, users no longer need to transfer assets or use multiple wallets across chains. Instead, they can operate through a unified interface, significantly improving transaction convenience and fluidity. For example, users can simultaneously perform operations on Ethereum and Mango Network, with Mango Network ensuring no data loss or transaction failures during cross-chain interactions.

Overall, the cross-chain capabilities of Mango Network enable seamless asset management and contract execution across different blockchain ecosystems. By solving the problem of liquidity fragmentation in multi-chain ecosystems, Mango Network enhances the interoperability of assets and data, providing greater flexibility and room for innovation.

EVM and MoveVM Communication Process (Source: Mango Network)

1. High Security and Move Language

Mango Network is developed using the Move programming language, a resource-oriented language specifically designed for digital asset management. Compared to traditional smart contract languages like Solidity, Move offers significant advantages in terms of security.

• Resource-Oriented Programming: Move manages digital assets as “resources,” eliminating the risk of duplication or tampering often present in traditional blockchain systems. In Move, asset movement is achieved through “transfer” operations rather than simple addition and subtraction, ensuring the uniqueness of assets and preventing double-spending.
• Static Programming Language: Move is a statically typed language, avoiding security risks associated with dynamic calls, such as reentrancy attacks and overflow errors. The execution of smart contracts requires formal verification to ensure their correctness.
• Formal Verification: Move includes the Move Prover tool, enabling developers to formally verify smart contracts. This uses mathematical tools to analyze the security and correctness of contracts, significantly reducing potential vulnerabilities and attack surfaces.

Comparison between Move and Solidity languages (Source: Mango Network)

1. Zero-Knowledge Proof (ZKP) Technology

Mango Network integrates Zero-Knowledge Proof (ZKP) technology, utilizing zk-SNARKs and zk-STARKs to provide privacy protection and data integrity verification.

• Anonymous Trading: With ZKP technology, Mango Network can validate the correctness of transactions while ensuring that the participants and assets’ privacy remains undisclosed.
• Privacy Protection: During data validation, ZKP ensures that the validity of transactions can be proven without exposing sensitive data.
• Data Integrity: Using zk-SNARKs, Mango Network guarantees that on-chain data (e.g., transaction records and smart contract states) is tamper-proof, ensuring data integrity and reliability.

1. Distributed Storage and High Scalability

Mango Network adopts Distributed Storage technology to ensure data redundancy and security through multi-node storage. Key features include:

• Data Redundancy: Each data block is replicated across multiple nodes, ensuring that data can be recovered from other nodes even if some nodes fail or go offline.
• Encryption Protection: All data uploaded to the distributed storage network is encrypted, and only authorized users can access and decrypt the data, ensuring privacy protection.
• High Scalability: By adding more storage nodes, Mango Network can horizontally scale its storage system to accommodate growing demands without compromising performance or reliability.

How Mango Network Operates

The operational workflow of Mango Network leverages its core technologies and mechanisms to achieve multi-chain interoperability, asset liquidity, and seamless cross-chain interactions. Below is a detailed explanation of how Mango Network’s omnichain protocol functions:

1. User Initiates a Transaction

Users submit transaction requests via interfaces or applications provided by Mango Network. These requests can involve asset transfers, smart contract executions, or other on-chain operations. Users provide transaction data and specify the target chain for their operation.

1. OP-Mango Layer 2 Network Processing

The transaction request is first processed by OP-Mango, a Layer 2 network built on OPStack and compatible with the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM). This stage includes:

• Users submitting transactions and querying block data through nodes.
• OP-Mango nodes retrieving secure transaction data from the Ethereum Layer 1 network.
• Transaction data is broadcast via the P2P network to ensure timely synchronization.

1. Sequencer Sorting and Batch Processing

The sequencer in OP-Mango handles transactions by:

• Sorting transactions received from users and nodes.
• Packaging transactions into batches for submission to the Ethereum Layer 1 network.
• Performing assertion operations, where the sequencer updates the Layer 2 network state and submits transaction records in batches to Ethereum validators, ensuring that the OP-Mango network state remains consistent with Ethereum.

1. Cross-Chain Communication and Data Synchronization

A key feature of OP-Mango is its tight integration with Mango Network’s MoveVM, ensuring cross-chain interoperability. The process includes:

• When a smart contract event is triggered in EVM or MoveVM, the sequencer captures the event.
• The event is parsed into a cross-chain call, which triggers contract execution in the other virtual machine. This enables secure settlement and data synchronization between EVM and MoveVM, achieving contract interoperability across virtual machines.

1. Cross-Chain Messaging

Mango Network’s cross-chain messaging mechanism facilitates the transfer of data and value across chains and layers:

• Smart contracts send cross-chain messages on-chain, typically identified by unique markers such as transaction hashes or block IDs.
• Messages are transmitted to the target chain via a Relayer, ensuring data synchronization and asset transfer accuracy.

1. Omnichain Smart Contract Processing

When cross-chain events occur, omnichain smart contracts handle events from external chains. These contracts can:

• Read data from external chains and execute the corresponding logic.
• Return the processing results to the external chain, ensuring the correctness and consistency of cross-chain operations.

1. Asset and Data Return

Upon completion of all cross-chain operations, the final result is returned to the originating chain via remote module contracts, allowing users to see the results of asset transfers or contract executions on the target chain.

1. Unified State Recording for Omnichain Applications

Mango Network provides a unified state recording system, ensuring users do not lose data or liquidity during cross-chain operations:

• Users deploying contracts on any chain inherit the complete state records and liquidity from Mango Network’s main chain.
• Regardless of the chain being operated on, users can access a seamless cross-chain experience through Mango’s cross-chain bridges and module contracts.

Multi-VM Working Mode in Mango Network (Source: Chaincatcher)

For example, suppose Alice wants to transfer USDT from Ethereum to Solana. She initiates a cross-chain transaction via Mango Network. The transaction is processed through the OP-Mango Layer 2 network, where the sequencer packages and submits it to the Ethereum network. Subsequently, the cross-chain communication contract transmits the transaction data to Solana. On Solana, MoveVM captures and executes the cross-chain contract, completing the asset transfer.

Mango Network’s operational process facilitates a complete workflow, from user-initiated transactions to cross-chain operations. By leveraging technologies such as the OP-Mango Layer 2 network, cross-chain communication protocols, sequencer sorting and batch processing, omnichain smart contracts, and cross-chain messaging, Mango Network ensures high efficiency, security, and seamless cross-chain interactions.

Roadmap

Mango Network has officially released its roadmap, detailing the project’s progression since its launch in the second half of 2022. The initial phase focused on team formation and architectural design. In the first half of 2023, the project successfully completed the proof of concept for Mango Move, followed by the launch of Mango Network’s testnet in the third quarter. The subsequent focus was on refining testnet interaction solutions and advancing mainnet development.

In the first half of 2024, Mango Network plans to roll out a testnet incentive program, announce its Pass economic model, and initiate global roadshows and developer programs to lay the groundwork for ecosystem development. By the third quarter of 2024, Mango Network aims to establish the Mango Foundation, disclose tokenomics details, and enable critical ecosystem support for GameFi and RWA (Real-World Assets).

Looking ahead, from late 2024 to the first half of 2025, the mainnet and testnet are scheduled to go live. This period will also see the Token Generation Event (TGE) and the release of high-demand applications. Mango Network envisions fostering a thriving ecosystem through sustainable brand and community growth.

Mango Network Roadmap (Source: Twitter)

Conclusion

Through its innovative technical architecture and multi-virtual machine support, Mango Network effectively addresses critical challenges in Web3 and DeFi applications, such as fragmented user experiences and insufficient liquidity. With core mechanisms like the OP-Mango Layer 2 network, modular architecture, cross-chain communication protocols, and omnichain smart contracts, Mango Network significantly enhances interoperability and asset liquidity across different blockchains. Its multi-VM feature, leveraging the synergy of MoveVM and EVM, provides efficient and secure infrastructure and offers developers and users a flexible and seamless cross-chain interaction experience. As Mango Network continues to evolve, it is poised to enable more innovative applications to flourish on its platform, contributing to the prosperity of the Web3 ecosystem.

Moving forward, Mango Network will focus on advancing omnichain interoperability, strengthening cross-chain liquidity pools, and further optimizing its SDK to provide developers with user-friendly tools for building diverse Web3 applications. Additionally, the network plans to expand validator nodes and enhance network capacity to ensure stable and efficient support for a wide range of blockchain use cases, even during periods of high traffic, while maintaining low gas fees.